Maintaining optimal indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential for ensuring the health, comfort, and productivity of building occupants. A critical aspect of IAQ management involves monitoring and controlling particulate matter (PM) levels within Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Particulate matter consists of tiny particles, such as dust, pollen, and smoke, that can adversely affect respiratory health and overall well-being. Integrating PM sensors into HVAC systems enables real-time detection of particle concentrations, facilitating dynamic control of ventilation rates and enhancing filtration efficiency. This proactive approach not only improves indoor air quality but also optimizes energy consumption and ensures compliance with health guidelines.

Monitoring particulate matter (PM) within HVAC systems is crucial for maintaining indoor air quality (IAQ), but two primary challenges often arise:​

1. Accuracy of PM Sensors: Achieving precise measurements of particulate matter is essential for effective IAQ management. However, the accuracy of PM sensors can be compromised by factors such as humidity, varying particle sizes, and sensor placement within HVAC ducts. For instance, low-cost particle sensors (LCSs) may exhibit reduced accuracy due to environmental conditions and sensor positioning, leading to unreliable data and potential mismanagement of air quality.

2. Pressure Drop: Integrating PM sensors into HVAC ducts can present challenges related to pressure conditions. Most sensors rely on small internal fans to draw air into their measurement chambers. However, these fans often struggle to overcome the higher pressure environments typical within HVAC ducts, leading to inadequate airflow through the sensor and compromised measurement accuracy.